1 code implementation • 6 May 2024 • Xunchu Zhou, Xiaohong Liu, Yunlong Dong, Tengchuan Kou, Yixuan Gao, ZiCheng Zhang, Chunyi Li, HaoNing Wu, Guangtao Zhai
Equally important to the VEC is the Video Quality Assessment (VQA).
1 code implementation • 29 Apr 2024 • Chunyi Li, HaoNing Wu, Hongkun Hao, ZiCheng Zhang, Tengchaun Kou, Chaofeng Chen, Lei Bai, Xiaohong Liu, Weisi Lin, Guangtao Zhai
Based on the mechanisms of the Human Visual System (HVS) and syntax trees, the first two indicators can respectively identify the perception and alignment deficiencies, and the last module can apply targeted quality enhancement accordingly.
no code implementations • 28 Apr 2024 • ZiCheng Zhang, HaoNing Wu, Yingjie Zhou, Chunyi Li, Wei Sun, Chaofeng Chen, Xiongkuo Min, Xiaohong Liu, Weisi Lin, Guangtao Zhai
Although large multi-modality models (LMMs) have seen extensive exploration and application in various quality assessment studies, their integration into Point Cloud Quality Assessment (PCQA) remains unexplored.
1 code implementation • 27 Apr 2024 • Puyi Wang, Wei Sun, ZiCheng Zhang, Jun Jia, Yanwei Jiang, Zhichao Zhang, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
Traditional deep neural network (DNN)-based image quality assessment (IQA) models leverage convolutional neural networks (CNN) or Transformer to learn the quality-aware feature representation, achieving commendable performance on natural scene images.
no code implementations • 25 Apr 2024 • Xiaohong Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai, Chunyi Li, Tengchuan Kou, Wei Sun, HaoNing Wu, Yixuan Gao, Yuqin Cao, ZiCheng Zhang, Xiele Wu, Radu Timofte, Fei Peng, Huiyuan Fu, Anlong Ming, Chuanming Wang, Huadong Ma, Shuai He, Zifei Dou, Shu Chen, Huacong Zhang, Haiyi Xie, Chengwei Wang, Baoying Chen, Jishen Zeng, Jianquan Yang, Weigang Wang, Xi Fang, Xiaoxin Lv, Jun Yan, Tianwu Zhi, Yabin Zhang, Yaohui Li, Yang Li, Jingwen Xu, Jianzhao Liu, Yiting Liao, Junlin Li, Zihao Yu, Yiting Lu, Xin Li, Hossein Motamednia, S. Farhad Hosseini-Benvidi, Fengbin Guan, Ahmad Mahmoudi-Aznaveh, Azadeh Mansouri, Ganzorig Gankhuyag, Kihwan Yoon, Yifang Xu, Haotian Fan, Fangyuan Kong, Shiling Zhao, Weifeng Dong, Haibing Yin, Li Zhu, Zhiling Wang, Bingchen Huang, Avinab Saha, Sandeep Mishra, Shashank Gupta, Rajesh Sureddi, Oindrila Saha, Luigi Celona, Simone Bianco, Paolo Napoletano, Raimondo Schettini, Junfeng Yang, Jing Fu, Wei zhang, Wenzhi Cao, Limei Liu, Han Peng, Weijun Yuan, Zhan Li, Yihang Cheng, Yifan Deng, Haohui Li, Bowen Qu, Yao Li, Shuqing Luo, Shunzhou Wang, Wei Gao, Zihao Lu, Marcos V. Conde, Xinrui Wang, Zhibo Chen, Ruling Liao, Yan Ye, Qiulin Wang, Bing Li, Zhaokun Zhou, Miao Geng, Rui Chen, Xin Tao, Xiaoyu Liang, Shangkun Sun, Xingyuan Ma, Jiaze Li, Mengduo Yang, Haoran Xu, Jie zhou, Shiding Zhu, Bohan Yu, Pengfei Chen, Xinrui Xu, Jiabin Shen, Zhichao Duan, Erfan Asadi, Jiahe Liu, Qi Yan, Youran Qu, Xiaohui Zeng, Lele Wang, Renjie Liao
A total of 196 participants have registered in the video track.
1 code implementation • 24 Apr 2024 • Marcos V. Conde, Saman Zadtootaghaj, Nabajeet Barman, Radu Timofte, Chenlong He, Qi Zheng, Ruoxi Zhu, Zhengzhong Tu, Haiqiang Wang, Xiangguang Chen, Wenhui Meng, Xiang Pan, Huiying Shi, Han Zhu, Xiaozhong Xu, Lei Sun, Zhenzhong Chen, Shan Liu, ZiCheng Zhang, HaoNing Wu, Yingjie Zhou, Chunyi Li, Xiaohong Liu, Weisi Lin, Guangtao Zhai, Wei Sun, Yuqin Cao, Yanwei Jiang, Jun Jia, Zhichao Zhang, Zijian Chen, Weixia Zhang, Xiongkuo Min, Steve Göring, Zihao Qi, Chen Feng
The performance of the top-5 submissions is reviewed and provided here as a survey of diverse deep models for efficient video quality assessment of user-generated content.
1 code implementation • 17 Apr 2024 • Xin Li, Kun Yuan, Yajing Pei, Yiting Lu, Ming Sun, Chao Zhou, Zhibo Chen, Radu Timofte, Wei Sun, HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Jun Jia, Zhichao Zhang, Linhan Cao, Qiubo Chen, Xiongkuo Min, Weisi Lin, Guangtao Zhai, Jianhui Sun, Tianyi Wang, Lei LI, Han Kong, Wenxuan Wang, Bing Li, Cheng Luo, Haiqiang Wang, Xiangguang Chen, Wenhui Meng, Xiang Pan, Huiying Shi, Han Zhu, Xiaozhong Xu, Lei Sun, Zhenzhong Chen, Shan Liu, Fangyuan Kong, Haotian Fan, Yifang Xu, Haoran Xu, Mengduo Yang, Jie zhou, Jiaze Li, Shijie Wen, Mai Xu, Da Li, Shunyu Yao, Jiazhi Du, WangMeng Zuo, Zhibo Li, Shuai He, Anlong Ming, Huiyuan Fu, Huadong Ma, Yong Wu, Fie Xue, Guozhi Zhao, Lina Du, Jie Guo, Yu Zhang, huimin zheng, JunHao Chen, Yue Liu, Dulan Zhou, Kele Xu, Qisheng Xu, Tao Sun, Zhixiang Ding, Yuhang Hu
This paper reviews the NTIRE 2024 Challenge on Shortform UGC Video Quality Assessment (S-UGC VQA), where various excellent solutions are submitted and evaluated on the collected dataset KVQ from popular short-form video platform, i. e., Kuaishou/Kwai Platform.
1 code implementation • 13 Apr 2024 • Yingjie Zhou, ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiaohong Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Zhihua Wang, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Guangtao Zhai
In the realm of media technology, digital humans have gained prominence due to rapid advancements in computer technology.
no code implementations • 4 Apr 2024 • Chunyi Li, Tengchuan Kou, Yixuan Gao, Yuqin Cao, Wei Sun, ZiCheng Zhang, Yingjie Zhou, Zhichao Zhang, Weixia Zhang, HaoNing Wu, Xiaohong Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
With the rapid advancements in AI-Generated Content (AIGC), AI-Generated Images (AIGIs) have been widely applied in entertainment, education, and social media.
no code implementations • 29 Mar 2024 • Kaiyuan Cui, Xinyan Wang, ZiCheng Zhang, Weichen Zhao
Due to the connection between graph diffusion and message passing, diffusion-based models have been widely studied.
Ranked #6 on Node Classification on Texas
1 code implementation • 18 Mar 2024 • Tengchuan Kou, Xiaohong Liu, ZiCheng Zhang, Chunyi Li, HaoNing Wu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai, Ning Liu
Based on T2VQA-DB, we propose a novel transformer-based model for subjective-aligned Text-to-Video Quality Assessment (T2VQA).
no code implementations • 13 Mar 2024 • ZiCheng Zhang, Tong Zhang, Yi Zhu, Jianzhuang Liu, Xiaodan Liang, Qixiang Ye, Wei Ke
To mitigate these issues, we propose a Language-Driven Visual Consensus (LDVC) approach, fostering improved alignment of semantic and visual information. Specifically, we leverage class embeddings as anchors due to their discrete and abstract nature, steering vision features toward class embeddings.
no code implementations • 10 Mar 2024 • Xinmin Qiu, Congying Han, ZiCheng Zhang, Bonan Li, Tiande Guo, Pingyu Wang, Xuecheng Nie
Developing blind video deflickering (BVD) algorithms to enhance video temporal consistency, is gaining importance amid the flourish of image processing and video generation.
1 code implementation • 27 Feb 2024 • ZiCheng Zhang, Ruobing Zheng, Ziwen Liu, Congying Han, Tianqi Li, Meng Wang, Tiande Guo, Jingdong Chen, Bonan Li, Ming Yang
Recent works in implicit representations, such as Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), have advanced the generation of realistic and animatable head avatars from video sequences.
no code implementations • 26 Feb 2024 • HaoNing Wu, Hanwei Zhu, ZiCheng Zhang, Erli Zhang, Chaofeng Chen, Liang Liao, Chunyi Li, Annan Wang, Wenxiu Sun, Qiong Yan, Xiaohong Liu, Guangtao Zhai, Shiqi Wang, Weisi Lin
Comparative settings (e. g. pairwise choice, listwise ranking) have been adopted by a wide range of subjective studies for image quality assessment (IQA), as it inherently standardizes the evaluation criteria across different observers and offer more clear-cut responses.
2 code implementations • 26 Feb 2024 • Chunyi Li, Guo Lu, Donghui Feng, HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Xiaohong Liu, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin, Wenjun Zhang
With the evolution of storage and communication protocols, ultra-low bitrate image compression has become a highly demanding topic.
1 code implementation • 11 Feb 2024 • ZiCheng Zhang, HaoNing Wu, Erli Zhang, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin
To this end, we design benchmark settings to emulate human language responses related to low-level vision: the low-level visual perception (A1) via visual question answering related to low-level attributes (e. g. clarity, lighting); and the low-level visual description (A2), on evaluating MLLMs for low-level text descriptions.
no code implementations • 3 Feb 2024 • Haoran Li, ZiCheng Zhang, Wang Luo, Congying Han, Yudong Hu, Tiande Guo, Shichen Liao
Establishing robust policies is essential to counter attacks or disturbances affecting deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents.
no code implementations • 3 Jan 2024 • Kang Fu, Yicong Peng, ZiCheng Zhang, Qihang Xu, Xiaohong Liu, Jia Wang, Guangtao Zhai
Subsequently, the attention fusion module integrates the image feature with the priori attention feature obtained during training to generate image-adaptive canonical polyadic tensors.
1 code implementation • 2 Jan 2024 • Chunyi Li, HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Hongkun Hao, Kaiwei Zhang, Lei Bai, Xiaohong Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Weisi Lin, Guangtao Zhai
With the rapid evolution of the Text-to-Image (T2I) model in recent years, their unsatisfactory generation result has become a challenge.
1 code implementation • 28 Dec 2023 • HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Weixia Zhang, Chaofeng Chen, Liang Liao, Chunyi Li, Yixuan Gao, Annan Wang, Erli Zhang, Wenxiu Sun, Qiong Yan, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin
The explosion of visual content available online underscores the requirement for an accurate machine assessor to robustly evaluate scores across diverse types of visual contents.
Ranked #1 on Video Quality Assessment on LIVE-FB LSVQ
no code implementations • 23 Dec 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, HaoNing Wu, Zhongpeng Ji, Chunyi Li, Erli Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiaohong Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Fengyu Sun, Shangling Jui, Weisi Lin, Guangtao Zhai
Recent advancements in Multi-modality Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex high-level vision tasks.
1 code implementation • 9 Dec 2023 • Zijian Chen, Wei Sun, HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Jun Jia, Zhongpeng Ji, Fengyu Sun, Shangling Jui, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai, Wenjun Zhang
In this paper, we take the first step to benchmark and assess the visual naturalness of AI-generated images.
no code implementations • 30 Nov 2023 • Zijian Chen, Wei Sun, ZiCheng Zhang, Ru Huang, Fangfang Lu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai, Wenjun Zhang
Banding artifact, as known as staircase-like contour, is a common quality annoyance that happens in compression, transmission, etc.
1 code implementation • 29 Nov 2023 • Zijian Chen, Wei Sun, Jun Jia, Fangfang Lu, ZiCheng Zhang, Jing Liu, Ru Huang, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
The quality score of a banding image is generated by pooling the banding detection maps masked by the spatial frequency filters.
1 code implementation • 12 Nov 2023 • HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Erli Zhang, Chaofeng Chen, Liang Liao, Annan Wang, Kaixin Xu, Chunyi Li, Jingwen Hou, Guangtao Zhai, Geng Xue, Wenxiu Sun, Qiong Yan, Weisi Lin
Multi-modality foundation models, as represented by GPT-4V, have brought a new paradigm for low-level visual perception and understanding tasks, that can respond to a broad range of natural human instructions in a model.
no code implementations • 26 Oct 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yingjie Zhou, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
Point clouds are widely used in 3D content representation and have various applications in multimedia.
no code implementations • 25 Oct 2023 • Yingjie Zhou, ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Xianghe Ma, Guangtao Zhai
In this paper, we develop a novel no-reference (NR) method based on Transformer to deal with DHQA in a multi-task manner.
no code implementations • 24 Oct 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yingjie Zhou, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
Usually, DDHs are displayed as 2D rendered animation videos and it is natural to adapt video quality assessment (VQA) methods to DDH quality assessment (DDH-QA) tasks.
1 code implementation • 25 Sep 2023 • HaoNing Wu, ZiCheng Zhang, Erli Zhang, Chaofeng Chen, Liang Liao, Annan Wang, Chunyi Li, Wenxiu Sun, Qiong Yan, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin
To address this gap, we present Q-Bench, a holistic benchmark crafted to systematically evaluate potential abilities of MLLMs on three realms: low-level visual perception, low-level visual description, and overall visual quality assessment.
no code implementations • 29 Aug 2023 • Yuying Jiang, Fan Bai, ZiCheng Zhang, Xiaochen Ye, Zheng Liu, Zhiping Shi, Jianwei Yao, Xiaojun Liu, Fangkun Zhu, Junling Li Qian Guo, Xiaoan Wang, Junwen Luo
Here we develop a consumer-tier Visual-Brain Machine Inteface(V-BMI) system specialized for Augmented Reality(AR) glasses interactions.
no code implementations • 31 Jul 2023 • Yapeng Su, Tong Zhao, ZiCheng Zhang
However, previous works including CNN-based and Transformer-based approaches fail to exploit the nonstructural data, such as topology and correlation in fingerprints, which is essential to facilitate the identifiability and robustness of embedding.
no code implementations • 28 Jul 2023 • Kang Fu, Xiaohong Liu, Jun Jia, ZiCheng Zhang, Yicong Peng, Jia Wang, Guangtao Zhai
To achieve end-to-end training of the framework, we integrate a neural network that simulates the ISP pipeline to handle the RAW-to-RGB conversion process.
1 code implementation • 6 Jul 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Yingjie Zhou, HaoNing Wu, Chunyi Li, Xiongkuo Min, Xiaohong Liu, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin
To address this gap, we propose SJTU-H3D, a subjective quality assessment database specifically designed for full-body digital humans.
1 code implementation • 9 Jun 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Houning Wu, Yingjie Zhou, Chunyi Li, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin
Model-based 3DQA methods extract features directly from the 3D models, which are characterized by their high degree of complexity.
1 code implementation • 7 Jun 2023 • Chunyi Li, ZiCheng Zhang, HaoNing Wu, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Xiaohong Liu, Guangtao Zhai, Weisi Lin
With the rapid advancements of the text-to-image generative model, AI-generated images (AGIs) have been widely applied to entertainment, education, social media, etc.
no code implementations • 8 May 2023 • Xinmin Qiu, Congying Han, ZiCheng Zhang, Bonan Li, Tiande Guo, Xuecheng Nie
This design is implemented with two key components: 1) Identity Restoration Module (IRM) for preserving the face details in results.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Wu, Wei Sun, Dangyang Tu, Wei Lu, Xiongkuo Min, Ying Chen, Guangtao Zhai
User-generated content (UGC) live videos are often bothered by various distortions during capture procedures and thus exhibit diverse visual qualities.
no code implementations • CVPR 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yinglu Liu, Congying Han, Yingwei Pan, Tiande Guo, Ting Yao
Simply coupling NeRF with photorealistic style transfer (PST) will result in cross-view inconsistency and degradation of stylized view syntheses.
1 code implementation • 22 Mar 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Chunyi Li, Wei Sun, Xiaohong Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
\underline{AI} \underline{G}enerated \underline{C}ontent (\textbf{AIGC}) has gained widespread attention with the increasing efficiency of deep learning in content creation.
1 code implementation • 14 Mar 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Yingjie Zhou, Jun Jia, Zhichao Zhang, Jing Liu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
Computer graphics images (CGIs) are artificially generated by means of computer programs and are widely perceived under various scenarios, such as games, streaming media, etc.
no code implementations • 6 Mar 2023 • Bonan Li, ZiCheng Zhang, Xuecheng Nie, Congying Han, Yinhan Hu, Tiande Guo
And it introduces a novel triple reconstruction loss to fine-tune the pre-trained LDM for encoding style and content into corresponding identifiers; 2) Fine-grained Content Controller (FCC) for the recombination phase.
no code implementations • 17 Feb 2023 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Yingjie Zhou, Wei Lu, Yucheng Zhu, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
Currently, great numbers of efforts have been put into improving the effectiveness of 3D model quality assessment (3DQA) methods.
1 code implementation • 24 Dec 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yingjie Zhou, Wei Sun, Wei Lu, Xiongkuo Min, Yu Wang, Guangtao Zhai
In recent years, large amounts of effort have been put into pushing forward the real-world application of dynamic digital human (DDH).
no code implementations • 4 Dec 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yi Zhu, Jianzhuang Liu, Xiaodan Liang, Wei Ke
Then in the Sentence-Mask Alignment (SMA) module, the masks are weighted by the sentence embedding to localize the referred object, and finally projected back to aggregate the pixels for the target.
1 code implementation • 20 Sep 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yingjie Zhou, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Yuzhe Wu, Guangtao Zhai
Digital humans are attracting more and more research interest during the last decade, the generation, representation, rendering, and animation of which have been put into large amounts of effort.
2 code implementations • 8 Sep 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yinglu Liu, Congying Han, Tiande Guo, Ting Yao, Tao Mei
While previous works mainly focus on style transfer, we propose a novel and concise framework to address the \textit{generalized one-shot adaptation} task for both style and entity transfer, in which a reference image and its binary entity mask are provided.
1 code implementation • 1 Sep 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Quan Zhou, Jun He, Qiyuan Wang, Guangtao Zhai
In specific, we split the point clouds into sub-models to represent local geometry distortions such as point shift and down-sampling.
Ranked #1 on Point Cloud Quality Assessment on SJTU-PCQA
1 code implementation • 30 Aug 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Yucheng Zhu, Xiongkuo Min, Wei Wu, Ying Chen, Guangtao Zhai
To tackle the challenge of point cloud quality assessment (PCQA), many PCQA methods have been proposed to evaluate the visual quality levels of point clouds by assessing the rendered static 2D projections.
no code implementations • 10 Jun 2022 • Tao Wang, ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Wei Lu, Guangtao Zhai
However, limited work has been put forward to tackle the problem of computer graphics generated images' quality assessment (CG-IQA).
no code implementations • 9 Jun 2022 • Yu Fan, ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Wei Lu, Tao Wang, Ning Liu, Guangtao Zhai
Point cloud is one of the most widely used digital formats of 3D models, the visual quality of which is quite sensitive to distortions such as downsampling, noise, and compression.
no code implementations • 9 Jun 2022 • Wei Lu, Wei Sun, Wenhan Zhu, Xiongkuo Min, ZiCheng Zhang, Tao Wang, Guangtao Zhai
In this paper, we first conduct an example experiment (i. e. the face detection task) to demonstrate that the quality of the SIs has a crucial impact on the performance of the IVSS, and then propose a saliency-based deep neural network for the blind quality assessment of the SIs, which helps IVSS to filter the low-quality SIs and improve the detection and recognition performance.
no code implementations • 9 Jun 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Wenhan Zhu, Tao Wang, Wei Lu, Guangtao Zhai
Therefore, in this paper, we propose a no-reference deep-learning image quality assessment method based on frequency maps because the artifacts caused by SISR algorithms are quite sensitive to frequency information.
no code implementations • 9 Jun 2022 • Wei Lu, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Wenhan Zhu, Quan Zhou, Jun He, Qiyuan Wang, ZiCheng Zhang, Tao Wang, Guangtao Zhai
In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based BIQA model for 4K content, which on one hand can recognize true and pseudo 4K content and on the other hand can evaluate their perceptual visual quality.
no code implementations • 8 Jun 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Wei Wu, Ying Chen, Xiongkuo Min, Guangtao Zhai
Nowadays, the mainstream full-reference (FR) metrics are effective to predict the quality of compressed images at coarse-grained levels (the bit rates differences of compressed images are obvious), however, they may perform poorly for fine-grained compressed images whose bit rates differences are quite subtle.
2 code implementations • 3 Mar 2022 • ZiCheng Zhang, Yinglu Liu, Congying Han, Hailin Shi, Tiande Guo, BoWen Zhou
Moreover, we apply our method to other image manipulation tasks (e. g., style transfer, harmonization), and the results further prove the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.
2 code implementations • 5 Jul 2021 • ZiCheng Zhang, Wei Sun, Xiongkuo Min, Tao Wang, Wei Lu, Guangtao Zhai
Therefore, many related studies such as point cloud quality assessment (PCQA) and mesh quality assessment (MQA) have been carried out to measure the visual quality degradations of 3D models.
Ranked #3 on Point Cloud Quality Assessment on WPC
no code implementations • 16 May 2021 • ZiCheng Zhang, Congying Han, Tiande Guo
Generating images from a single sample, as a newly developing branch of image synthesis, has attracted extensive attention.
no code implementations • 10 May 2021 • Hailin Shi, Dan Zeng, Yichun Tai, Hang Du, Yibo Hu, ZiCheng Zhang, Tao Mei
However, unlike the existing public face datasets, in many real-world scenarios of face recognition, the depth of training dataset is shallow, which means only two face images are available for each ID.